Robotic Surgery in Urology

Robotic surgery in urology is a minimally invasive surgical technique that uses a robotic system to perform urological procedures. The robotic system consists of a surgeon console, a patient-side cart, and a vision system. The surgeon sits at the console and controls the robotic arms, which are inserted into the patient through small incisions. The vision system provides the surgeon with a three-dimensional view of the surgical field, which is magnified up to 10 times. Many robotic systems are available that allow us to do robotic surgery. The most widely used system is the Intuitive Surgical da Vinci system.

Robotic surgery offers several advantages over traditional surgical approaches, including:

• Smaller incisions: Robotic surgery uses small incisions, which can lead to less pain, faster recovery, and a reduced risk of infection. This was proven in a large multicentre UK wide study comparing open cystectomy to robotic cystectomy (iROC).
• Improved precision: The robotic arms are very precise, which allows the surgeon to make small, delicate movements. This can be helpful in procedures that require a high degree of precision, such as prostatectomy.
• Enhanced visualization: The three-dimensional view of the surgical field provided by the vision system allows the surgeon to see more clearly than with traditional laparoscopy. This can help the surgeon identify and avoid critical structures.

1. The patient is placed under general anaesthesia.
2. The surgeon makes small incisions in the abdomen.
3. The robotic arms are inserted into the incisions.
4. The surgeon uses robotic arms to perform the surgery.
5. The robotic arms are removed from the incisions.
6. The incisions are closed. 

Some of the most common urological procedures that are performed using robotic surgery include:

Radical prostatectomy: This is a surgery to remove the prostate gland. It is used to treat prostate cancer.

Partial nephrectomy: This is a surgery to remove part of a kidney. It is used to treat kidney cancer.

Nephroureterectomy: This is a surgery to remove a kidney and a ureter. It is used to treat kidney cancer that has spread to the ureter.

Cystectomy: This is a surgery to remove the bladder. It is used to treat bladder cancer. We can create a new bladder after this if needed as part of the same surgery.

Pyeloplasty: This is a surgery to repair a narrowing of the ureter.

Robotic surgery is a rapidly evolving field, and new urological procedures are being developed all the time. As the technology continues to improve, robotic surgery is likely to become even more common in the treatment of other urological conditions.

Robotic surgery is not without its risks. These risks include:

• Cost: Robotic surgery could be more expensive than traditional surgical approaches. However, when performed by an experienced team, the benefits of reduced hospital stay, reduced risk of complications and reduced risk of readmissions could level this cost.
• Learning curve: It takes time for surgeons to learn how to use the robotic system. Therefore, it is essential you choose a high-volume surgeon/surgical team.
• Technical challenges: Robotic surgery can be technically challenging. These are common to all minimally invasive approaches like laparoscopic surgery as well.
• The position you are in during surgery: This could have effects on your eyes/brain/muscles. Normally these are minimal and the team will assess these risks prior to surgery.
• The gas insufflation needed for surgery: This is absorbed by the body over time. In most patients this is inconsequential. In some patients, this absorbed gas could affect breathing and blood circulation. Again, the risk for this can be assessed, monitored and treated. 
• Suitability: If a space can’t be created to do the operation, then you might need a conventional surgical approach.
• Device failure. This is very rare and with experienced teams, this can be managed very easily.

Overall, robotic surgery is a safe and effective minimally invasive surgical technique that can offer several advantages over traditional surgical approaches. However, it is important to weigh the risks and benefits of robotic surgery before making a decision.